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Diagnosing a print failure (SLS)

Diagnosing a print failure (SLS)

During a successful SLS print, the laser sinters powder to build parts layer by layer. After the parts cool, separate the printed parts from the unsintered powder. Post-process the printed parts and reserve the unsintered powder for reuse or disposal.

Normally, an SLS 3D printed part has a slightly grainy surface. If the temperature inside the build chamber is too hot, or not hot enough, the resulting temperature difference causes defects on the part’s surface. Obstructions in the laser path can also cause print defects.

Best practices

To reduce the likelihood of print failures, follow Formlabs instructions and perform routinely scheduled maintenance on your Fuse 1 generation printer:

Print defect overview

If you experience print defects with a Fuse 1 generation printer, consult the list below and visit the relevant support article to troubleshoot and resolve them.

Dimpling and pitting


Symptoms:
  • Top surfaces of parts are sunken in (dimpling) or completely collapsed (pitting)

Troubleshooting steps:

Dimpling and pitting (SLS)

SLS parts with pitting
SLS parts with pitting

Layer shifting


Symptoms:
  • At a given layer height, there is a horizontal distortion which appears as a line, bulge, or step
  • Shift may be found at multiple layer heights
  • Shift is present throughout the entire part and not just the surface

Troubleshooting steps:

Layer shifting (SLS)

SLS parts with layer shifting

Horizontal bands


Symptoms:
  • Periodic ripples along vertically-oriented surfaces

Troubleshooting steps:

Horizontal banding (SLS)

SLS parts with horizontal banding

Poor finish or orange peel texture on vertical surfaces


Symptoms:
  • Ridges or waves across vertical surfaces
  • Surfaces closer to the edges of the build volume may have this while other surfaces do not

Troubleshooting steps:

Poor finish on vertical surfaces (SLS)

SLS parts with poor surface finish
SLS parts with poor surface finish

Warping


Symptoms:
  • The shape of the part is deformed
  • Parts that should be straight are curved or twisted

Troubleshooting steps:

Warping (SLS)

SLS warped parts

Fragile parts


Symptoms:
  • Printed parts crumble easily and their texture is more grainy than usual

Troubleshooting steps:

Fragile parts (SLS)

SLS fragile parts

Bumps along Z-axis


Symptoms:
  • Distortion or extra material which extends along the printer Z-axis

Troubleshooting steps:

Bumps along Z-axis (SLS)

SLS parts with pumps along the Z-axis

Blurred or missing features


Symptoms:
  • Fine features in the print plane are rounded off or missing
  • Areas of the printed part are missing along the printer's Z axis

Troubleshooting steps:

Blurred or missing features (SLS)

Printed parts with blurred or missing features

Delamination


Symptoms:
  • Layers are not fully adhered
  • Layer separation may be localized or go through the entire part

Troubleshooting steps:

Delamination (SLS)

SLS delamination
SLS delamination

Powder contamination


Symptoms:
  • Isolated blown out area on the side of a part
  • Foreign debris such as hair embedded in the part

Troubleshooting steps:

Powder contamination (SLS)

SLS part showing evidence of powder contamination
SLS part showing evidence of powder contamination

Recoater artifacts


Symptoms:
  • Periodic gouges, ridges, or protrusions on the top surfaces of parts oriented along the direction of motion of the recoater roller

Troubleshooting steps:

Remove and clean the printer's recoater roller.

SLS part showing evidence of recoater roller artifacts
SLS part showing evidence of recoater roller artifacts

Hard caking


Symptoms:
  • Printed parts are difficult to separate from powder cake
  • Surface Armor is difficult to clean from parts

Troubleshooting steps:

Hard caking (SLS)

SLS hard cake